Elmiron is utilized to treat a condition known as interstitial cystitis, better known as “painful bladder syndrome.” It is also prescribed for osteoarthritis in humans as well as elderly dogs and horses. At one time, Elmiron was used as an anticoagulant, similar to warfarin, but with a weaker effect. In 2018, an article was published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology in which the authors wrote about six patients treated at Emory Eye Center between 2015 and 2017 who experienced pigmentary maculopathy of unclear cause following chronic exposure to Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium) for interstitial cystitis. In 2019, one of the authors issued an update writing that ten patients at Emory Eye Center had been diagnosed with this same issue.